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+\documentclass{sig-alternate}

+

+\begin{document}

+\conferenceinfo{WOODSTOCK}{'97 El Paso, Texas USA}

+\title{Alternate {\ttlit ACM} SIG Proceedings Paper in LaTeX

+Format\titlenote{(Produces the permission block, and

+copyright information). For use with

+SIG-ALTERNATE.CLS. Supported by ACM.}}

+

+\numberofauthors{2}

+\alignauthor

+Ben Trovato\titlenote{Dr.~Trovato insisted his name be first.}\\

+       \affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\

+       \affaddr{1932 Wallamaloo Lane}\\

+       \affaddr{Wallamaloo, New Zealand}\\

+       \email{trovato@corporation.com}

+\alignauthor

+G.K.M. Tobin\titlenote{The secretary disavows

+any knowledge of this author's actions.}\\

+       \affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\

+       \affaddr{P.O. Box 1212}\\

+       \affaddr{Dublin, Ohio 43017-6221}\\

+       \email{webmaster@marysville-ohio.com}

+}

+\date{30 July 1999}

+

+\maketitle

+\begin{abstract}

+\end{abstract}

+

+\category{H.4}{Information Systems Applications}{Miscellaneous}

+\category{D.2.8}{Software Engineering}{Metrics}[complexity measures, performance measures]

+\terms{Theory}

+\keywords{ACM proceedings, \LaTeX, text tagging}

+

+\section{Introduction}

+The \textit{proceedings} are the records of a conference.

+ACM seeks to give these conference by-products a uniform,

+high-quality appearance.  To do this, ACM has some rigid

+requirements for the format of the proceedings documents: there

+is a specified format (balanced  double columns), a specified

+set of fonts (Arial or Helvetica and Times Roman) in

+certain specified sizes (for instance, 9 point for body copy),

+a specified live area (18 $\times$ 23.5 cm [7" $\times$ 9.25"]) centered on

+the page, specified size of margins (1.9 cm [0.75"]) top, (2.54 cm [1"]) bottom

+and (1.9 cm [.75"]) left and right; specified column width

+(8.45 cm [3.33"]) and gutter size (.83 cm [.33"]).

+

+The good news is, with only a handful of manual

+settings\footnote{Two of these, the {\texttt{\char'134 numberofauthors}}

+and {\texttt{\char'134 alignauthor}} commands, you have

+already used; another, {\texttt{\char'134 balancecolumns}}, will

+be used in your very last run of \LaTeX\ to ensure

+balanced column heights on the last page.}, the \LaTeX\ document

+class file handles all of this for you.

+

+The remainder of this document is concerned with showing, in

+the context of an ``actual'' document, the \LaTeX\ commands

+specifically available for denoting the structure of a

+proceedings paper, rather than with giving rigorous descriptions

+or explanations of such commands.

+

+\section{The {\secit Body} of The Paper}

+Typically, the body of a paper is organized

+into a hierarchical structure, with numbered or unnumbered

+headings for sections, subsections, sub-subsections, and even

+smaller sections.  The command \texttt{{\char'134}section} that

+precedes this paragraph is part of such a

+hierarchy.\footnote{This is the second footnote.  It

+starts a series of three footnotes that add nothing

+informational, but just give an idea of how footnotes work

+and look. It is a wordy one, just so you see

+how a longish one plays out.} \LaTeX\ handles the numbering

+and placement of these headings for you, when you use

+the appropriate heading commands around the titles

+of the headings.  If you want a sub-subsection or

+smaller part to be unnumbered in your output, simply append an

+asterisk to the command name.  Examples of both

+numbered and unnumbered headings will appear throughout the

+balance of this sample document.

+

+Because the entire article is contained in

+the \textbf{document} environment, you can indicate the

+start of a new paragraph with a blank line in your

+input file; that is why this sentence forms a separate paragraph.

+

+\subsection{Type Changes and {\subsecit Special} Characters}

+We have already seen several typeface changes in this sample.  You

+can indicate italicized words or phrases in your text with

+the command \texttt{{\char'134}textit}; emboldening with the

+command \texttt{{\char'134}textbf}

+and typewriter-style (for instance, for computer code) with

+\texttt{{\char'134}texttt}.  But remember, you do not

+have to indicate typestyle changes when such changes are

+part of the \textit{structural} elements of your

+article; for instance, the heading of this subsection will

+be in a sans serif\footnote{A third footnote, here.

+Let's make this a rather short one to

+see how it looks.} typeface, but that is handled by the

+document class file. Take care with the use

+of\footnote{A fourth, and last, footnote.}

+the curly braces in typeface changes; they mark

+the beginning and end of

+the text that is to be in the different typeface.

+

+You can use whatever symbols, accented characters, or

+non-English characters you need anywhere in your document;

+you can find a complete list of what is

+available in the \textit{\LaTeX\

+User's Guide}\cite{Lamport:LaTeX}.

+

+\subsection{Math Equations}

+You may want to display math equations in three distinct styles:

+inline, numbered or non-numbered display.  Each of

+the three are discussed in the next sections.

+

+\subsubsection{Inline (In-text) Equations}

+A formula that appears in the running text is called an

+inline or in-text formula.  It is produced by the

+\textbf{math} environment, which can be

+invoked with the usual \texttt{{\char'134}begin. . .{\char'134}end}

+construction or with the short form \texttt{\$. . .\$}. You

+can use any of the symbols and structures,

+from $\alpha$ to $\omega$, available in

+\LaTeX\cite{Lamport:LaTeX}; this section will simply show a

+few examples of in-text equations in context. Notice how

+this equation: \begin{math}\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}x=0\end{math},

+set here in in-line math style, looks slightly different when

+set in display style.  (See next section).

+

+\subsubsection{Display Equations}

+A numbered display equation -- one set off by vertical space

+from the text and centered horizontally -- is produced

+by the \textbf{equation} environment. An unnumbered display

+equation is produced by the \textbf{displaymath} environment.

+

+Again, in either environment, you can use any of the symbols

+and structures available in \LaTeX; this section will just

+give a couple of examples of display equations in context.

+First, consider the equation, shown as an inline equation above:

+\begin{equation}\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}x=0\end{equation}

+Notice how it is formatted somewhat differently in

+the \textbf{displaymath}

+environment.  Now, we'll enter an unnumbered equation:

+\begin{displaymath}\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} x + 1\end{displaymath}

+and follow it with another numbered equation:

+\begin{equation}\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}x_i=\int_{0}^{\pi+2} f\end{equation}

+just to demonstrate \LaTeX's able handling of numbering.

+

+\subsection{Citations}

+Citations to articles \cite{bowman:reasoning,

+clark:pct, braams:babel, herlihy:methodology},

+conference proceedings \cite{clark:pct} or

+books \cite{salas:calculus, Lamport:LaTeX} listed

+in the Bibliography section of your

+article will occur throughout the text of your article.

+You should use BibTeX to automatically produce this bibliography;

+you simply need to insert one of several citation commands with

+a key of the item cited in the proper location in

+the \texttt{.tex} file \cite{Lamport:LaTeX}.

+The key is a short reference you invent to uniquely

+identify each work; in this sample document, the key is

+the first author's surname and a

+word from the title.  This identifying key is included

+with each item in the \texttt{.bib} file for your article.

+

+The details of the construction of the \texttt{.bib} file

+are beyond the scope of this sample document, but more

+information can be found in the \textit{Author's Guide},

+and exhaustive details in the \textit{\LaTeX\ User's

+Guide}\cite{Lamport:LaTeX}.

+

+This article shows only the plainest form

+of the citation command, using \texttt{{\char'134}cite}.

+This is what is stipulated in the SIGS style specifications.

+No other citation format is endorsed or supported.

+

+\subsection{Tables}

+Because tables cannot be split across pages, the best

+placement for them is typically the top of the page

+nearest their initial cite.  To

+ensure this proper ``floating'' placement of tables, use the

+environment \textbf{table} to enclose the table's contents and

+the table caption.  The contents of the table itself must go

+in the \textbf{tabular} environment, to

+be aligned properly in rows and columns, with the desired

+horizontal and vertical rules.  Again, detailed instructions

+on \textbf{tabular} material

+is found in the \textit{\LaTeX\ User's Guide}.

+

+Immediately following this sentence is the point at which

+Table 1 is included in the input file; compare the

+placement of the table here with the table in the printed

+dvi output of this document.

+

+\begin{table}

+\centering

+\caption{Frequency of Special Characters}

+\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|} \hline

+Non-English or Math&Frequency&Comments\\ \hline

+\O & 1 in 1,000& For Swedish names\\ \hline

+$\pi$ & 1 in 5& Common in math\\ \hline

+\$ & 4 in 5 & Used in business\\ \hline

+$\Psi^2_1$ & 1 in 40,000& Unexplained usage\\

+\hline\end{tabular}

+\end{table}

+

+To set a wider table, which takes up the whole width of

+the page's live area, use the environment

+\textbf{table*} to enclose the table's contents and

+the table caption.  As with a single-column table, this wide

+table will ``float" to a location deemed more desirable.

+Immediately following this sentence is the point at which

+Table 2 is included in the input file; again, it is

+instructive to compare the placement of the

+table here with the table in the printed dvi

+output of this document.

+

+

+\begin{table*}

+\centering

+\caption{Some Typical Commands}

+\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|} \hline

+Command&A Number&Comments\\ \hline

+\texttt{{\char'134}alignauthor} & 100& Author alignment\\ \hline

+\texttt{{\char'134}numberofauthors}& 200& Author enumeration\\ \hline

+\texttt{{\char'134}table}& 300 & For tables\\ \hline

+\texttt{{\char'134}table*}& 400& For wider tables\\ \hline\end{tabular}

+\end{table*}

+% end the environment with {table*}, NOTE not {table}!

+

+\subsection{Figures}

+Like tables, figures cannot be split across pages; the

+best placement for them

+is typically the top or the bottom of the page nearest

+their initial cite.  To ensure this proper ``floating'' placement

+of figures, use the environment

+\textbf{figure} to enclose the figure and its caption.

+

+This sample document contains examples of \textbf{.eps}

+and \textbf{.ps} files to be displayable with \LaTeX.  More

+details on each of these is found in the \textit{Author's Guide}.

+

+

+

+As was the case with tables, you may want a figure

+that spans two columns.  To do this, and still to

+ensure proper ``floating'' placement of tables, use the environment

+\textbf{figure*} to enclose the figure and its caption.

+and don't forget to end the environment with

+{figure*}, not {figure}!

+

+

+Note that either {\textbf{.ps}} or {\textbf{.eps}} formats are

+used; use

+the \texttt{{\char'134}epsfig} or \texttt{{\char'134}psfig}

+commands as appropriate for the different file types.

+

+Other common constructs that may occur in your article are

+the forms for logical constructs like theorems, axioms,

+corollaries and proofs.  There are

+two forms, one produced by the

+command \texttt{{\char'134}newtheorem} and the

+other by the command \texttt{{\char'134}newdef}; perhaps

+the clearest and easiest way to distinguish them is

+to compare the two in the output of this sample document:

+

+This uses the \textbf{theorem} environment, created by

+the\linebreak\texttt{{\char'134}newtheorem} command:

+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}

+\begin{theorem}

+Let $f$ be continuous on $[a,b]$.  If $G$ is

+an antiderivative for $f$ on $[a,b]$, then

+\begin{displaymath}\int^b_af(t)dt = G(b) - G(a).\end{displaymath}

+\end{theorem}

+

+The other uses the \textbf{definition} environment, created

+by the \texttt{{\char'134}newdef} command:

+\newdef{definition}{Definition}

+\begin{definition}

+If $z$ is irrational, then by $e^z$ we mean the

+unique number which has

+logarithm $z$: \begin{displaymath}{\log e^z = z}\end{displaymath}

+\end{definition}

+

+Two lists of constructs that use one of these

+forms is given in the

+\textit{Author's  Guidelines}.

+ 

+There is one other similar construct environment, which is

+already set up

+for you; i.e. you must \textit{not} use

+a \texttt{{\char'134}newdef} command to

+create it: the \textbf{proof} environment.  Here

+is a example of its use:

+\begin{proof}

+Suppose on the contrary there exists a real number $L$ such that

+\begin{displaymath}

+\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = L.

+\end{displaymath}

+Then

+\begin{displaymath}

+l=\lim_{x\rightarrow c} f(x)

+= \lim_{x\rightarrow c}

+\left[ g{x} \cdot \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} \right ]

+= \lim_{x\rightarrow c} g(x) \cdot \lim_{x\rightarrow c}

+\frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = 0\cdot L = 0,

+\end{displaymath}

+which contradicts our assumption that $l\neq 0$.

+\end{proof}

+

+Complete rules about using these environments and using the

+two different creation commands are in the

+\textit{Author's Guide}; please consult it for more

+detailed instructions.  If you need to use another construct,

+not listed therein, which you want to have the same

+formatting as the Theorem

+or the Definition\cite{salas:calculus} shown above,

+use the \texttt{{\char'134}newtheorem} or the

+\texttt{{\char'134}newdef} command,

+respectively, to create it.

+

+\subsection*{A {\secit Caveat} for the \TeX\ Expert}

+Because you have just been given permission to

+use the \texttt{{\char'134}newdef} command to create a

+new form, you might think you can

+use \TeX's \texttt{{\char'134}def} to create a

+new command: \textit{Please refrain from doing this!}

+Remember that your \LaTeX\ source code is primarily intended

+to create camera-ready copy, but may be converted

+to other forms -- e.g. HTML. If you inadvertently omit

+some or all of the \texttt{{\char'134}def}s recompilation will

+be, to say the least, problematic.

+

+\section{Conclusions}

+This paragraph will end the body of this sample document.

+Remember that you might still have Acknowledgments or

+Appendices; brief samples of these

+follow.  There is still the Bibliography to deal with; and

+we will make a disclaimer about that here: with the exception

+of the reference to the \LaTeX\ book, the citations in

+this paper are to articles which have nothing to

+do with the present subject and are used as

+examples only.

+%\end{document}  % This is where a 'short' article might terminate

+

+%ACKNOWLEDGMENTS are optional

+\section{Acknowledgments}

+This section is optional; it is a location for you

+to acknowledge grants, funding, editing assistance and

+what have you.  In the present case, for example, the

+authors would like to thank Gerald Murray of ACM for

+his help in codifying this \textit{Author's Guide}

+and the \textbf{.cls} and \textbf{.tex} files that it describes.

+

+%

+% The following two commands are all you need in the

+% initial runs of your .tex file to

+% produce the bibliography for the citations in your paper.

+\bibliographystyle{abbrv}

+\bibliography{sigproc}  % sigproc.bib is the name of the Bibliography in this case

+% You must have a proper ".bib" file

+%  and remember to run:

+% latex bibtex latex latex

+% to resolve all references

+%

+% ACM needs 'a single self-contained file'!

+%

+%APPENDICES are optional

+%\balancecolumns

+\appendix

+%Appendix A

+\section{Headings in Appendices}

+The rules about hierarchical headings discussed above for

+the body of the article are different in the appendices.

+In the \textbf{appendix} environment, the command

+\textbf{section} is used to

+indicate the start of each Appendix, with alphabetic order

+designation (i.e. the first is A, the second B, etc.) and

+a title (if you include one).  So, if you need

+hierarchical structure

+\textit{within} an Appendix, start with \textbf{subsection} as the

+highest level. Here is an outline of the body of this

+document in Appendix-appropriate form:

+\subsection{Introduction}

+\subsection{The Body of the Paper}

+\subsubsection{Type Changes and  Special Characters}

+\subsubsection{Math Equations}

+\paragraph{Inline (In-text) Equations}

+\paragraph{Display Equations}

+\subsubsection{Citations}

+\subsubsection{Tables}

+\subsubsection{Figures}

+\subsubsection{Theorem-like Constructs}

+\subsubsection*{A Caveat for the \TeX\ Expert}

+\subsection{Conclusions}

+\subsection{Acknowledgments}

+\subsection{Additional Authors}

+This section is inserted by \LaTeX; you do not insert it.

+You just add the names and information in the

+\texttt{{\char'134}additionalauthors} command at the start

+of the document.

+\subsection{References}

+Generated by bibtex from your ~.bib file.  Run latex,

+then bibtex, then latex twice (to resolve references)

+to create the ~.bbl file.  Insert that ~.bbl file into

+the .tex source file and comment out

+the command \texttt{{\char'134}thebibliography}.

+% This next section command marks the start of

+% Appendix B, and does not continue the present hierarchy

+\section{More Help for the Hardy}

+The sig-alternate.cls file itself is chock-full of succinct

+and helpful comments.  If you consider yourself a moderately

+experienced to expert user of \LaTeX, you may find reading

+it useful but please remember not to change it.

+%\balancecolumns % GM June 2007

+% That's all folks!

+\end{document}